CRIM2024 Transnational Crime

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box and type the following words:
Box 1: (leave contains in the drop down box) small arms trafficking
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2026 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box >
Box 1: Change contains to 'contains exact phrase' and type the following words:
small arms
Box 2: (leave contains) and type trafficking
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2025 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP details >
Try the following keyword search >
arms trade
transnational crime (these books may contain a chapter on the arms trade).
Click on the (linked) title of the book you would like to read >
Click on the Read Online button.

Click on the link above and try the following keyword searches:
“arms trade”
"small arms"
Click on the By Date link above the search results so that the most recent articles load first.

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Click on continue when the choose databases screen loads >
Ensure the full text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
"illegal arms" AND Australia
arms trafficking

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Ensure the full-text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked.
Try the following keyword searches:
“arms trade” and Australia
"arms trade" and globali*
"illegal arms trade"
“arms trafficking” and Australia

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP student portal details.
Enter the following keywords and press enter:
"illegal arms"
"arms trafficking"
After doing a search, tick the 'Only show content I have full access to' on the left and hit enter again.

Search for the following article on Taylor & Francis:
- Customs and Illegal Trade: Old Game - New Rules

Click on the link above >
Search for the following publications:
"Firearm trafficking and serious and organised crime gangs"

Click on the link above >
Search for firearms

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. (2017). Organised crime in Australia.

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. (2016). Enhancing the national picture of illicit firearms.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2015). UNODC study on firearms: A study on the transnational nature of and routes and
modus operandi used in trafficking in firearms.

The Small Arms Survey provides expertise on all aspects of small arms and armed violence.

Published by the UNODC.

The landmark Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), regulating the international trade in conventional arms – from small arms to battle tanks, combat aircraft and warships – entered into force on 24 December 2014.

Published by the UNODC.

Click on the link above >
Try the following keyword searches:
"illegal arms" + impact
Once the search results have loaded, click on the Custom Range option in the upper left hand side of the screen >
Enter the dates 2010 - 2025 and hit the enter key again.
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can be found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Search for the following articles on Google Scholar:
- The 2021 small arms trade transparency barometer
- Arms trafficking + Marsh (chapter from the Routledge Handbook of Smuggling)
- Addressing New Threats in the Atlantic Basin Security Environment (you may need to put this title in "quote marks")
- National legislation to control conventional arms and address the illicit arms trade.
- Illicit small arms prices: introducing two new datasets
- The Arms Trade Treaty: Achievements, Failings, Future
- The black and gray market arms trade in support of insurgencies
- Criminal liability for the illegal circulation of arms in criminal legislation of foreign countries
- (Un) lock and (un) loaded: regulating 3d-printed firearms in the open-source era after the 2013 hysteria
- The emergence of 3D-printed firearms: An analysis of media and law enforcement reports
- Printing insecurity? The security implications of 3d-printing of weapons
- Click, print, fire: 3D printing and the Arms Trade Treaty
- 3-D printing the bomb? The nuclear nonproliferation challenge
- Arms and the Man: Strategic Trade Control Challenges of 3D Printing
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can be found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box and type the following words:
Box 1: (change contains to contains exact phrase) cocaine trafficking
Box 2: (leave contains) supply reduction
Box 3: (leave contains) Australia
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2025 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP login details >
Try the following keyword searches >
cocaine and "drug trafficking"
transnational crime (these books may have chapters on the drug trade)
Click on the (linked) title of the book you would like to read >
Click on the Read Online button.

Click on the link above >
Login using your ACAP login details >
Click on continue when the choose databases screen loads >
Ensure the full text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
drug trafficking AND cocaine AND Australia
drug trafficking AND cocaine
cocaine AND drug control
cocaine AND drug policy
cocaine AND drug control AND Australia
cocaine AND drug policy AND Australia

Click on the link above and login using your ACAP login details.
Ensure the full-text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked.
Try the following keyword searches:
"cocaine trafficking" AND Austral*
"cocaine trade" AND Austral*
"cocaine trafficking" AND "drug control"
"cocaine trafficking" AND "drug control" AND Australia

Rand, an American think tank, has produced a number of articles and reports on drug trafficking in the Americas. Most of these publications can be downloaded for free.
Click on the link above and enter the following keyword into the search box:
cocaine

Click on the link above >
Search for the following: cocaine

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. National wastewater drug monitoring programs.

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. Illicit drug data reports.
These reports contains information on drug seizures.

Hughes, C. (2010, February). Legislative thresholds for drug possession and traffic: an overview of State and Territory differences in Australia (Drug Policy Modelling Program, No.18). National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. (2017). Organised crime in Australia.

Sousa-Santos, J. (2022, February 16). Drug trafficking in the Pacific Islands: The impact of transnational crime. Lowy Institute.

Published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Click on the link above >
Try the following keyword searches:
cocaine trade + impact
"cocaine trade" + Australia + impact
Once the search results have loaded, click on the Custom Range option in the upper left hand side of the screen >
Enter the dates 2010 - 2025 and hit the enter key again.
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can by found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Search for the following articles on Google Scholar:
- The Port-Crime Interface A Report on Organised Crime & Corruption in Seaports (see from p. 74, do a find in page search for cocaine too).
- Governing cocaine supply and organized crime from Latin America and the Caribbean
- Research as due diligence: What can supply-side interventions accomplish and at what cost?
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can be found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Published by the Commonwealth Department of Public Prosecutions.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). The cocaine market.

Published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2025.
Please note that there is always a lag with statistics so the most up to date figures will probably be from 2022/23.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2025). World drug report.

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box and type the following words:
Box 1: (change contains to contains exact phrase) heroin trafficking
Box 2: (leave contains) supply reduction
Box 3: (leave contains) Australia
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2023 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP login details >
Try the following keyword searches >
“drug trafficking”
transnational crime (these books may have chapters on the drug trade)
Click on the (linked) title of the book you would like to read >
Click on the Read Online button.

Click on the link above >
Login using your ACAP login details > Click on continue when the choose databases screen loads >
Ensure the full text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
"heroin trafficking"
drug trafficking and heroin
drug trafficking and heroin and Australia
heroin AND drug control
heroin AND drug policy
heroin AND drug control AND Australia
heroin AND prohibition AND Australia
heroin AND supply control AND Australia
heroin trafficking AND drug policy AND Australia

Click on the link above and login using your ACAP login details.
Ensure the full-text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked.
Try the following keyword searches:
"heroin trafficking" and Australia*
heroin trade and Australia* and law enforcement
"heroin trafficking" AND government AND Australia
"heroin trafficking" AND law enforcement AND Australia
illicit heroin AND trafficking
illicit heroin AND policy

Click on the link above and try the following keyword searches:
"drug trafficking" and heroin
"heroin trade" and traffic*

Click on the link above and try the following keyword searches:
"heroin trade"
"heroin trafficking"

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. Illicit drug data report.
This report contains information on drug seizures.

Hughes, C 2010, 'Legislative thresholds for drug possession and traffic: an overview of State and Territory differences in Australia,' Drug Policy Modelling Program, no.18, pp. 1-3.
Note: Most of this report will apply to part 2 but you may find some information for part 1.

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission 2017, Organised crime in Australia, Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission, Canberra

Mili, H., Sati, S., & Townsend, J. (2015). Afghan opiate trafficking through the southern route. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Coyne, J., & Westendorf, T. (2021). 'High rollers' A study of criminal profits along Australia’s heroin and methamphetamine supply chains. Australian Strategic Policy Institute.

Published by the UNODC.

Click on the link above >
Try the following keyword searches:
"illicit heroin" + impact + australia
Once the search results have loaded, click on the Custom Range option in the upper left hand side of the screen >
Enter the dates 2010 - 2025 and hit the enter key again.
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can be found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Search for the following articles on Google Scholar:
- How did we get here? Heroin and fentanyl trafficking trends: a law enforcement perspective

Published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2025.
Please note that there is always a lag with statistics so the most up to date figures will probably be from 2022/23

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2025). World drug report.

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box and type the following words:
Box 1: (change contains to contains exact phrase) money laundering
Box 2: (leave contains) Australia
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2025 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP details >
Search for the following book:
- The changing face of corruption in the asia pacific : current perspectives and future challenges (ch. 9)
Try the following keyword searches >
"money laundering"
transnational crime (these books may contain a chapter on money laundering).
Click on the (linked) title of the book you would like to read >
Click on the Read Online button.

Click on the link above and enter the following keywords:
"money laundering"
After the results have loaded, click on the grey by date tab to see the most recently published results at the top of the list.

Click on the link above >
Login using your ACAP login details >
Click on continue when the choose databases screen loads >
Ensure the full text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
"money laundering"
Many of these results will be useful for part 2 but you may also find some information for part 1.

Click on the link above and login using your ACAP login details.
Ensure the full-text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked.
Try the following keyword searches:
"money laundering" AND Australia
"money laundering" AND legislation
"money laundering" AND law enforcement
"money laundering" AND prevention
"money laundering" AND challenges
"money laundering" AND bitcoin
"money laundering" AND cryptocurren*

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP student portal details.
Enter the following keywords and press enter:
"money laundering" Australia
"money laundering" challenges
"money laundering" prevention
"money laundering" regulation
"money laundering" bitcoin
"money laundering" cryptocurrency
After the search results load, click on the only content I have full access to and wait for the results to reload.

Click on the link above and try the following keyword searches:
"money laundering" and Australia
"money laundering" prevention
"money laundering" regulation
Information is available on money laundering/control in other countries on this site too.
Use the same keywords listed above but substitute Australia for another country and see what is available.

Search for the following article on SSRN:
A Comparative Analysis of the Extent of Money Laundering in Australia, UAE, UK and the USA

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. (2017). Serious financial crime in Australia 2017.

Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. (2017). Organised crime in Australia.

Published by the UNODC.

Published by the Commonwealth Department of Public Prosecutions.

Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre. (2019, July 17). Money laundering in Australia 2011.

Attorney-General's Department. (n.d.). Money laundering and terrorism financing.

Click on the link above >
Select 'Newest first' in the relevance box >
Enter the following keywords:
"money laundering"

Search for the following reports on the AIC website:
- Impacts of money laundering and terrorism financing: Final report (published 2024)
- Money laundering and terrorism financing risks posed by alternative remittance in Australia (look on the landing page (1st page clicked) because more reports on this topic are listed down the bottom).

Click on the link above >
Search for the following article:
- Do trendy technologies facilitate money laundering
- Money laundering in Australian casinos
- Detection of illicit behaviours and mining for contrast patterns (Thesis - Do a ctrl f/find in page command for the word money. Also, see pages 2-6. Discusses difficulties with measuring this crime).
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can be found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box and type the following words:
Box 1: (change contains to contains exact phrase) human trafficking
Box 2: (leave contains) Australia
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2025 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP login details >
Try the following keyword searches >
“human trafficking”
transnational crime (these books may have chapters on the drug trade)
Click on the (linked) title of the book you would like to read >
Click on the Read Online button.

Click on the link above >
Login using your ACAP login details >
Click on continue when the choose databases screen loads >
Ensure the full text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
"human trafficking"
"human trafficking" AND harm*
"human trafficking" AND government AND Australia

Click on the link above >
Login using your ACAP login details >
Ensure the full-text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
"human trafficking"

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP student portal details.
Enter the following keywords and press enter:
"human trafficking"
"human trafficking" prevention
"human trafficking" regulation
After doing a search, tick the 'Only show content I have full access to' on the left and hit enter again.

Search for the following article title on Taylor & Francis:
Prostitution ideology and trafficking policy

Click on the link above and enter the following keywords:
"human trafficking"

Click on the link above and try the following keyword search:
"human trafficking"

Search for the following publication titles (you may need to sort results by relevance):
"People trafficking in Australia"
Human trafficking to Australia: a research challenge (discusses difficulties in measuring and quantifying this crime).

Click on the link above and try the following keyword searches:
"human trafficking"

Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2017). Hidden in plain sight: An inquiry into establishing a Modern Slavery Act in Australia. Parliament of Australia.
Do a ctrl f/find in page command for traffic

Published by the Department of Home Affairs.

University of Queensland, (2015). Statistics.

Published by the United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime.

See the People Smuggling & Trafficking Page for more links on this subject.

Besser, L (2019, October 25). Bodies found in Essex container just 'tip of the iceberg' for multi-billion-dollar business. ABC News.

Click on the link above >
Try the following keyword searches:
"human trafficking" + Australia
"human trafficking" + regulation
"human trafficking" + prevention
trafficking + Natasha trade
Once the search results have loaded, click on the Custom Range option in the upper left hand side of the screen >
Enter the dates 2010 - 2025 and hit the enter key again.
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can be found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box and type the following words:
Box 1: (change contains to contains exact phrase) maritime piracy
Box 2:(leave contains) Australia
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2025 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP login details >
Try the following keyword searches >
piracy
transnational crime (these books may have chapters on the drug trade)
Click on the (linked) title of the book you would like to read >
Click on the Read Online button.

Click on the link above >
Login using your ACAP login details >
Click on continue when the choose databases screen loads >
Ensure the full text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
maritime piracy

Click on the link above and enter the following keywords:
"maritime piracy"

Click on the link above and login using your ACAP login details.
Ensure the full-text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked.
Try the following keyword searches:
"maritime piracy"

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP student portal details.
Enter the following keywords and press enter:
"maritime piracy" Australia impact
maritime piracy Asia
maritime piracy Africa
maritime piracy Europe
After doing a search, tick the 'Only show content I have full access to' on the left

Click on the link above and enter the following keywords:
"maritime piracy"

Forbes, A. (2011). Australia's response to piracy: A legal perspective (Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs, No. 31). Sea Power Centre,

ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2025). Piracy and armed robbery against ships: January-December 2024..
This report contains figures relating to piracy and armed robbery on ships around the world.

Published by the UNODC.

Published by the International Maritime Organisation.

Published by RAND.
Quite a bit on Indonesia here...

See the Maritime Piracy section on this page for more links on this subject.

Click on the link above >
Try the following keyword searches:
maritime piracy + impact + Australia
Once the search results have loaded, click on the Custom Range option in the upper left hand side of the screen >
Enter the dates 2010 - 2025 and hit the enter key again.
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can by found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

This live map shows all piracy and armed robbery incidents reported to IMB Piracy Reporting Centre during 2025.
Published by the ICC International Maritime Bureau

Advanced Search Page.
Select articles in the material type box and type the following words:
Box 1: (change contains to contains exact phrase) people smuggling
Box 2:(leave contains) Australia
Hit the enter key and after the results load, change the date range to 2010-2025 and apply the change. Then select peer reviewed from the options on the left and apply the change.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP login details >
Try the following keyword searches >
“people smuggling"
Click on the (linked) title of the book you would like to read >
Click on the Read Online button.

Search for the following book on Ebook Central:
- Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime (ch. 25)

Click on the link above >
Login using your ACAP login details >
Click on continue when the choose databases screen loads >
Ensure the full text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked >
Try the following keyword searches:
"people smuggling" AND effect*
"people smuggling" AND prevent*
"people smuggling" AND government AND Australia
"people smuggling" AND policy AND Australia
"people smuggling" AND legislation AND Australia

Click on the link above and login using your ACAP login details.
Ensure the full-text and peer reviewed boxes are ticked.
Try the following keyword searches:
"people smuggling" AND Australia AND impact
"people smuggling" AND Australia AND effect*
"people smuggling" AND Australia AND policy
"people smuggling" AND Australia AND legislation
"people smuggling" AND Australia AND ("stopping the boats" OR "stop the boats")
You can also try the searches above without the word Australia in them.

Click on the link above and log in using your ACAP student portal details.
Enter the following keywords and press enter:
"people smuggling" Australia
"people smuggling" policy Australia
"people smuggling" government Australia
"people smuggling" prevention
After doing a search, tick the 'Only show content I have full access to' on the left and hit enter again.

Click on the link above and try the following keyword search:
"people smuggling"

Australian Institute of Criminology 2008, 'People smuggling versus trafficking in persons: what is the difference?', Transnational Crime Brief No. 2, viewed 31 October 2018

Click on the link above and try the following keyword search:
"people smuggling"

Published by the UNODC.

See the People Smuggling & Trafficking Page for more links on this subject.

Click on the link above >
Try the following keyword searches:
"people smuggling" + impact + Australia
Once the search results have loaded, click on the Custom Range option in the upper left hand side of the screen >
Enter the dates 2010 - 2025 and hit the enter key again.
Note: When using Google Scholar, if an article has a link to the right, such as [PDF] researchgate.net, it is available for free. Click on the link to the right to open the article.
Most of the referencing information for these publications can be found by clicking on the little quote mark under each record. If some of this information is missing, check the headers and footers of the article you are reading.

Search for the following articles on Google Scholar:
- Why the EU should consider decriminalising people smuggling
- Law Enforcement in The Handling of People Smuggling Crime in Indonesia

Smith, R. (2024, December 19). Estimating the costs of serious and organised crime in Australia, 2022–23 (Statitical Report No. 50). Australian Institute of Criminology.