In-text citations appear within the body of your assessments and should be used whether you are quoting directly or paraphrasing information from a cited work.
In-text citations contain the author’s surname or the name of an organisation followed by the year of publication. Include the page number or other location information if using a direct quote. It is not a requirement, but you may also include page numbers when paraphrasing to help the reader locate original passages more easily.
Each work cited in-text must also be cited in the reference list at the end of the paper.
There are two ways of citing in-text:
- In parenthetical citations, the author and year appear in parentheses, e.g., (Geldard & Geldard, 2012).
- In narrative citations, the author appears as part of the sentence, followed by the year in parentheses, e.g., Geldard and Geldard (2012).
Take a close look at the subpages in this section of the guide for examples and more detailed information about citing in-text.