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The following table describes how to structure citations when sources have incomplete or missing information.
| Missing Element | Solution | Reference List Template | In Text Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Include the title, date, and source. |
Whole title. (Date). Source. Section title. (Date). Source. |
(Whole title, year) ("Section title", year) |
| Date | Write "n.d." which stands for "no date". | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
(Author, n.d.) Author (n.d.) |
| Title | Include the author, date, description in square brackets, and then the source. | Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source. |
(Author, year) Author (year) |
| Author & Date | Include the title, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source. |
Whole Title. (n.d.). Source. Section Title. (n.d.). Source. |
(Whole title, n.d.) ("Section title", n.d.) |
| Author & Title | Description in square brackets, and then the date and source. | [Description of work]. (Date). Source. |
([Description of work], year) [Description of work] (year) |
| Date & Title | Include the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” description in square brackets, and then the source. | Author. (n.d.). [Description of work]. Source. |
(Author, n.d.) Author (n.d.) |
| Author, Date & Title | Description in square brackets, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then the source. | [Description of work]. (n.d.). Source. |
([Description of work], n.d.) [Description of work] (n.d.) |
| Source | Cite as a personal communication or find another work to cite | Do not include a reference list entry |
(C. C. Communicator, personal communication, month day, year) C. C. Communicator (personal communication, month day, year) |
| Anonymous Sources | Only use Anonymous if the work is actually signed “Anonymous.” | Anonymous. (Date). Title. Source. |
(Anonymous, year) Anonymous (year) |